causative prefix (#mate ‘die’ : #paka-mate ‘commit suicide’, #taŋi ‘to cry, to moan’ : #paka-taŋi ‘to blow a conch shell or other type of whistle, horn, etc.’)

Feinberg 1977

prefix; added to verbs it usually makes causatives; added to nouns it makes adjectives or adverbs (#tamata ‘man’, #vaka-tamata ‘human; like a human being); added to adjectives it makes adverbs (#vinaka ‘good’, #vaka-vinaka ‘well’); added to nouns it may indicate possession (#vale ‘house’ #vaka-vale ‘having a house’); added to some intransitive verbs it makes intensives, frequentatives or continuatives

Capell 1968

a very active former of causative/simulative derivatives, including 1. causation and transitivization (#pono ‘correct’ #hoɁo-pono-pono ‘to correct’), 2. pretense (#kuli ‘deaf’ : #hoɁo-kuli ‘to feign deafness’), 3. simillarity (#kamaliɁi- ‘children’ : #hoɁo-kamaliɁi ‘childish’), 4. no meaning (#kāholoholo ‘to hurry’, #hoɁo-kāholoholo ‘to hurry’), 5. unpredictable (#maikaɁi ‘good’ : #hoɁo-maikaɁi ‘to congratulate’)

Pukui and Elbert 1971

causative prefix: cause to; cause to have; provide a; allow to; teach how to; install as (#made ‘to die’ : #haga-made ‘to kill’, #daŋi ‘to cry’ : #haga-daŋi ‘to make someone cry’

Lieber and Dikepa 1974

causative prefix which also makes transitive verbs from intransitive verbs, adjectives and nouns (#roŋo ‘to hear’ : #fā-roŋo ‘to tell’; #mamagu ‘fear’ : #fā-mamagu ‘loathsome’; #ŋū ‘to sing’ : #fā-ŋū ‘teach to sing’)

Fox, C. 1974

causative prefix, rarely found

Fox, C. 1974

causative prefix; combined with an intransitive verb, an adjective or participle to form an intransitive verb, it signifies a beginning of, or approach to, the action or condition indicated; combined with a noun to form an intransitive verb, it signifies the assumption of the character or form expressed by the noun; as a strict causative it may combine with a verb, adjective, participle, or noun to form a transitive verb

Williams 1971

a very common prefix, usually causative, but with other meanings

McEwen 1970

causative prefix, cause to be, become, have, know (#made ‘dead’ : #haga-made ‘do as hard or fast as possible’, #daŋi ‘to cry’ : #haga-daŋi ‘to play a musical instrument’)

Carroll and Soulik 1973

a causative prefix; to make to, to cause something to be done; by the addition of the prefix #aka- many nouns, adjectives and neuter verbs become active verbs

Savage 1980

causative prefix (meanings are usually causative or transitive, but sometimes similitude)

Elbert 1975

multifunctional prefix indicating, among other things, causation; faɁa-sāmoa ‘do things in the Samoan way’

Milner 1966

prefix denoting likeness, causation (causing or allowing to), supplying, having, etc. (#mate ‘die; dead’ : #faka-mate ‘causing death; deadly, poison, fatal’, #taŋi ‘to cry’ : #faka-taŋi ‘having a doleful sound, sounding like a lament; to appeal to someone after one’s request has been rejected by someone else’)

Churchward 1959

usually derives causative verbs (#mae ‘die; dead’ : #faɁa-mae-a ‘administer anaesthetic to, put to sleep with anaesthetic’)

causative prefix with a range of meanings: 1. cause an action to occur or a state to result (#ako ‘learn’ : #faka-ako ‘teach’, #moe ‘sleep’ : #faka-moe ‘put to sleep’), 2. to act a role (#maatua ‘mother’ : #fakamaatua ‘parent’s sister’, #paalaŋi ‘European’ #faka-paalaŋi ‘act like a European’), cause to be like (#fonu ‘turtle’ : #faka-fonu ‘heap up food in the shape of a turtle’), 4. before statives to form transitive verbs (#huki ‘pierce’ : #ma-huki ‘pierced’, #faka-ma-huki ‘pierce a nut for drinking’)