suffix forming transitive verbs, usually durational

Churchward 1959

to heat (sticks or leaves) over a fire in order to make them limp or soft

Churchward 1959

hurricane, gale or very severe storm

Churchward 1959

fire (in general)

Churchward 1959

cord; fishing line

Churchward 1959

pronominal adverb: there, in it, on it, because of it, etc.; or (in a relative sense) where, in which, on which, because of which, etc.

Churchward 1959

root

Churchward 1959

hardwood tree found at Vava’u

Churchward 1959

to learn, to receive, to receive education

Churchward 1959

gather or catch with the hands, of certain kinds of shellfish and small crabs

Churchward 1959

catch it

Churchward 1959

(of a woman) to be married, or (more strictly) to have had sexual intercourse, not to be a virgin

Churchward 1959

flounder (fish)

Churchward 1959

to fish at night by the light of a torch

Churchward 1959

moth (or, more strictly, its larva) that eats holes in clothes, etc.; silverfish

Churchward 1959

marsh, swamp, large pool, lake

Churchward 1959

(of the wind) to blow

Churchward 1959

(of the wind) begin to spring up, or to blow continuously

Churchward 1959

be blown about by the wind

Churchward 1959

kind of ginger or ginger-like plant (Curcuma longa) from which turmeric is made

Churchward 1959

hence, away from here, out, forth, outwards, onwards, to or towards you; thither to the place aimed at or journeyed towards; onward in time

Churchward 1959

hence, away from here, out, forth, outwards, onwards; to or towards you; thither, to the place aimed at or journeyed towards; onward in time

Churchward 1959

1sg.: I, me

Churchward 1959

untranslatable particle used before numerals

Churchward 1959

(to be or become) afternoon or early evening

Churchward 1959

(to take place) early in the evening, or earlier than usual (or than expected)

Churchward 1959

(of a river) to overflow, be in flood

Churchward 1959

hoarse, of the voice

Churchward 1959

blister

Churchward 1959

kind of pandanus which sends down shoots from the branches to the ground

Churchward 1959

four

Churchward 1959

carry on the back; be carried, have a ride on someone's back

Churchward 1959

call out in order to awaken someone; to awaken, arouse from sleep; bell

Churchward 1959

women (dual or plural)

Churchward 1959

skate or sting-ray

Churchward 1959

do, attend to, carry out, carry on with, engage in, perform

Churchward 1959

kind of skate or sting-ray with very hard, rough skin from which rasps are made

Churchward 1959

kind of skate or sting-ray

Churchward 1959

prefix denoting likeness, causation (causing or allowing to), supplying, having, etc. (#mate ‘die; dead’ : #faka-mate ‘causing death; deadly, poison, fatal’, #taŋi ‘to cry’ : #faka-taŋi ‘having a doleful sound, sounding like a lament; to appeal to someone after one’s request has been rejected by someone else’)

Churchward 1959

to cause to err, to mislead, delude, cause to go wrong or make a mistake; causing to err, misleading, delusive

Churchward 1959

to put down, put off, unload (cargo or boat); to depose, dismiss, or expel, from office or membership

Churchward 1959

to loom ahead, to appear to be approaching (in time, not space)

Churchward 1959

try to find out in an indirect way; to ‘put out feelers’

Churchward 1959

to attract flies, encourage flies to come about

Churchward 1959

having a doleful sound, sounding like a lament; to appeal to someone after one’s request has been rejected by someone else

Churchward 1959

to cause to cry

Churchward 1959

steer a boat, pilot a plane

Churchward 1959

lean on or against; rely, trust, confide

Churchward 1959

shoot (e.g. birds); to dynamite (fish)

Churchward 1959

to have a child or children or offspring

Churchward 1959

children, offspring

Churchward 1959

wash the hands

Churchward 1959

small or private beach

Churchward 1959

tree with white flowers and coarse-husked oval fruit about 3" long: Ochrosia parviflora

Churchward 1959

stretch tight, make taut

Churchward 1959

loft or wide rack (for sleeping on, or for keeping food or other things on); stretcher, litter

Churchward 1959

a tree: giant hibiscus; fibre from the bark of the giant hibiscus

Churchward 1959

tear, rend

Churchward 1959

lower portion of leaf stalk

Churchward 1959

side, half -- when the division is made lengthwise

Churchward 1959

to seize and take by force; to confiscate

Churchward 1959

to bind (the head); headband or turban

Churchward 1959

what place, which place; which thing, which one, which

Churchward 1959

the so-called reciprocal prefix... It may be: (a) actional, (b) habituative, (c) invigorative, (d) accelerative, (e) communal, indicating united or simultaneous action, (f) collaborative, (g) reciprocal, (h) competitive, (i) reciprocative, meaning hither and thither, or in (or to or from) various directions

Churchward 1959

firewood, fuel

Churchward 1959

woman, girl

Churchward 1959

a tree: Intsia bijuga

Churchward 1959

mother; honorific or regal for #faʔē (lit. ‘mother of the breast’

Churchward 1959

the Malay apple: Eugenia malaccensis, Myrtaceae; its bark is used medicinally

Churchward 1959

kind of tree which grows to a very large size, has hard reddish wood, and bears round fruit (inedible) about the size of golf balls: the Calophyllum

Churchward 1959

star; daisy

Churchward 1959

plait, twist or plait two or more threads together; a plait of hair, or pigtail; pigtail-like part of a plaited basket

Churchward 1959

preposed or prefixed verb, to want, desire, wish or be willing

Churchward 1959

preposed or prefixed verb, to want, desire, wish or be willing

Churchward 1959

how many?, how much?

Churchward 1959

how many tens?

Churchward 1959

tangled; fig., intricate, complicated

Churchward 1959

to choose, pick out, cull, select, elect; to sort (as letters)

Churchward 1959

to choose (one or more) out of many, or to pick over; habitually picking and choosing, particular (in this sense), fastidious

Churchward 1959

elderly woman; married woman

Churchward 1959

young woman

Churchward 1959

to mix, mix together, mingle (as with other people in a crowd)

Churchward 1959

beginning to turn grey, of hair

Churchward 1959

slightly, somewhat

Churchward 1959

strike with the fingernail as it is snapped from the end of the thumb, to fillip; game in which light sticks are flipped; spring or move suddenly

Churchward 1959

seven

Churchward 1959

seventy

Churchward 1959

to break (a cup, stone, rock, etc., not a stick); to cut (ripe coconut) in halves

Churchward 1959

to break

Churchward 1959

to hatch (of eggs or chicks)

Churchward 1959

oar, paddle

Churchward 1959

steer-oar, rudder

Churchward 1959

hole or perforation (in a rock or large stone), used for tethering a boat or canoe

Churchward 1959

hole or perforation (in a rock or large stone), used for tethering a boat or canoe

Churchward 1959

to make a hole in rock or stone

Churchward 1959

to make a hole in rock or stone

Churchward 1959

to swallow; to take (pills or powders); to swallow without chewing or without sufficient chewing

Churchward 1959

town or village meeting (officially convened)

Churchward 1959

full: of container or its contents, or of a notebook, etc.

Churchward 1959

sea turtle; kind of beetle (very shiny), shaped like a turtle

Churchward 1959

land, country, territory, place; people (of the land, etc.); afterbirth, placenta

Churchward 1959

hawksbill turtle (#koloa = ‘goods, wealth, riches, possessions’)

Churchward 1959

sting (of stingray)

Churchward 1959

sting (of stingray)

Churchward 1959

emerge, come into view; appear (as fish in season), become manifest, stand out, or to be or become prominent

Churchward 1959

coconut fruit

Churchward 1959

new, fresh; strange, unfamiliar

Churchward 1959

to clap the hands crosswise so as to make a hollow sound

Churchward 1959

fruit; fig. fruit (of work, etc.), result; egg; to bear (lit. or fig.); to have unlaid eggs inside it (e.g. of a killed hen)

Churchward 1959

get or gather from the sea (seaweed, jellyfish)

Churchward 1959

to lift, to carry -- esp. on the shoulder (without a stick), or in the arms; fig. to undertake, be responsible for, or to bear the burden or weight of

Churchward 1959

of limb, etc. (not person) be afflicted with elephantiasis

Churchward 1959

fish similar to the mullet, but rounder in cross-section

Churchward 1959

first fruits

Churchward 1959

roe

Churchward 1959

fruit-like excrescences borne above the ground by some kinds of yam plants (not edible, but sometimes used as seed)

Churchward 1959

creeper of various kinds

Churchward 1959

carry, bear the burden of (esp. figuratively)

Churchward 1959

swell up, swell out, pout, blow out the cheeks

Churchward 1959

to swell, swell up, swell out; to pout, or to blow out the cheeks

Churchward 1959

wash or scrub; to clean (a blackboard)

Churchward 1959

to pull roughly or forcibly or too hard or without due care; overstretch

Churchward 1959

to open up (a native oven)

Churchward 1959

to swell up as the result (so it was formerly believed) of breaking a #tapu, esp. by eating food left over by a chief

Churchward 1959

to turn round, etc.

Churchward 1959

to turn round, etc.

Churchward 1959

to turn round or (esp.) to turn over, or to overturn; change or vary; inverted, upside down

Churchward 1959

hair on the privates

Churchward 1959

hair (esp. on the body), fur, feathers; having hair, fur or feathers (growing on it); (of timber) rough, undressed, unplaned

Churchward 1959

hairy, furry, woolly or feathery

Churchward 1959

eyelashes

Churchward 1959

top, upper surface; lap

Churchward 1959

top, upper surface

Churchward 1959

lintel

Churchward 1959

top row of flowers on an ornamental girdle; specially tasty thing eaten last to top off with; what is better than all the others, the best of all;(in reference to bad things) what is worse than all the others, the worst of all; tip-top, first-rate, excellent

Churchward 1959

deck of a boat; (of a building) storey, floor; (of a wedding-cake, etc.) tier

Churchward 1959

(followed by a numeral) to bear so many fruit, or to lay so many eggs (hence numeral classifier for roundish objects); shape

Churchward 1959

keep on bearing fruit

Churchward 1959

pull or tug; pull or haul in; pull up or hoist (a flag); pull up or weigh (an anchor); pluck (a fowl, etc.); to stretch

Churchward 1959

plantain or banana of any kind

Churchward 1959

to pull or tug, to pull or haul in; to pluck (a fowl, etc.)

Churchward 1959

pull in fish (on a line), or a haul of fish caught in this way

Churchward 1959

tug-of-war: lit. to pull rope

Churchward 1959

a tree, Barringtonia. Its inedible fruit is almost pyramidal in shape, and is used for making fish-poison

Churchward 1959

throw or pour or sprinkle water on, to douse; fig. to quell (e.g. a disturbance or rebellion)

Churchward 1959

to throw or pour or sprinkle water on, or to douse

Churchward 1959

douse with salt water

Churchward 1959

douse with fresh water

Churchward 1959

coconut tree

Churchward 1959

wood; made of wood, wooden

Churchward 1959

indefinite article: a, an, some, any

Churchward 1959

to tear, rend; to tear apart, pull apart; to tear off, strip off

Churchward 1959

to carry by means of a strap or rope, etc. across the shoulder (as one carries a haversack)

Churchward 1959

to trickle down, run down; dribble; small waterfall

Churchward 1959

direction in which the sun rises, east

Churchward 1959

to stew or boil (food); to boil (clothes); to smelt (iron, etc.); to melt, render (fat); to brew beer; food put on to boil or stew; food which has been boiled or stewed

Churchward 1959

up, upwards, along, past, etc.; go up, esp. from the sea to the land

Churchward 1959

kind of fish, a young #hakulā

Churchward 1959

kind of fish, a young #hakulā

Churchward 1959

swordfish

Churchward 1959

path, road (lit. or fig.); gangway, stairway

Churchward 1959

to err, to be wrong or erroneous, to make an error, go wrong, be at fault; to fail or be unsuccessful; to be without, to have none; to ‘miss out on’, not to get any of; to be missing, not there or not in existence

Churchward 1959

take an indirect or roundabout route

Churchward 1959

outrigger

Churchward 1959

to remove all the leaves (from tree or plant); to cut the hair short

Churchward 1959

span (about 9 inches)

Churchward 1959

span (about 9”); augmented span (about 12”), measured by spanning and then bending the hand over to the knuckles; to measure by spans

Churchward 1959

succeed in getting out or in or through; escape, be acquitted, go free

Churchward 1959

rescue, deliver or bring safely through

Churchward 1959

to catch (a ball, etc.)

Churchward 1959

thin dagger or stiletto, like a giant-sized needle, used in spearing bonito

Churchward 1959

instrument used for tattooing

Churchward 1959

to bind (lit. or fig.); (of words) to bracket, put in brackets; binding; bond, that which binds, fetter, etc., or bracket (parenthesis)

Churchward 1959

to bind round and round so as to make a number of bundles; to bandage

Churchward 1959

Vini australis

Churchward 1959

definite 1sg exclusive: my

Churchward 1959

to go down, descend; to dismount, get down, get out (of a vehicle), alight; to get off, go ashore (from a boat), disembark; to go down to the beach (from farther inland) or into the water (from the land); to be deposed or dismissed from office

Churchward 1959

shellfish, like a hard-shelled snail

Churchward 1959

to scoop out, gouge out (of clams); to open with a knife and detach the flesh

Churchward 1959

direction in which the sun sets, west

Churchward 1959

to lift, raise (including the raising of prices, wages, etc.); to move from one place or position to another; to transfer; to copy; to quote; to translate

Churchward 1959

to pick up with tongs

Churchward 1959

tail (especially of fish or reptile); end (e.g. of rope or string); tip (of a leaf); lower end

Churchward 1959

top(s) or tip(s) projecting upwards; tip (of a branch), topmost branch (of a tree)

Churchward 1959

to be slanting, crooked, out of line, out of alignment or not parallel

Churchward 1959

nine

Churchward 1959

to be partners (e.g. in a game); to be harmonious, appropriate, or befitting; to correspond, to be in harmony or accord with; to match

Churchward 1959

partner, one of two who work or play, etc. in partnership

Churchward 1959

upright pieces of timber in the roof of a Tongan house, standing on the #tuɁuŋahoka (Pedestal running lengthwise) and supporting the ridgepole

Churchward 1959

to ram, jab, poke, or strike with the tip of a rod, etc.; to stab; to harpoon (whales); to husk (coconuts); to play billiards or snooker; to have bayonet practice

Churchward 1959

here and there, in various places, hither and thither, in various directions

Churchward 1959

to go down, fall, sink, sink in (e.g. of a mine); (of a house) to fall, collapse

Churchward 1959

to have a famine, to suffer from a famine, to be famine-stricken

Churchward 1959

(of people) to be famine-stricken

Churchward 1959

to be in the grip of a severe famine

Churchward 1959

ten

Churchward 1959

ten

Churchward 1959

ten

Churchward 1959

Lethrinus miniatus, possibly also Lutjanus gibbus

Churchward 1959

wet

Churchward 1959

to enter, to go in; to pass through an entrance (whether going in or out), put on, get into (clothes)

Churchward 1959

(of pigs) to root in the earth, to turn over the earth with the snout, to grout

Churchward 1959

of a boat, to change from one tack to another

Churchward 1959

food made from a mixture of #hili (arrowroot starch), and coconut cream

Churchward 1959

suck

Churchward 1959

prick, pierce (with a small hole); of a bee, to sting; give an injection to

Churchward 1959

to suck (as a baby does) from breast or bottle

Churchward 1959

to prick, pierce (with a small hole); (of a bee, etc.) to sting; to give an injection to

Churchward 1959

to suck (as a baby does) from breast or bottle

Churchward 1959

pricked in many places, having many small holes as if pricked

Churchward 1959

pricked in many places, having many small holes as if pricked

Churchward 1959

bone; needle; bony (of fish, etc.)

Churchward 1959

pricked

Churchward 1959

shoot, sprout, twig or sucker; fig. scion, descendant; to send out one or more shoots or suckers

Churchward 1959

kind of fish

Churchward 1959

node (of a plant or tree)

Churchward 1959

to show a light, or to give light, with a lantern, or a torch, etc.

Churchward 1959

to fix one’s loincloth by tucking in one end of it at the waist

Churchward 1959

to give light to, throw light on (path, book, etc.)

Churchward 1959

kind of fish

Churchward 1959

to singe

Churchward 1959

to singe for some time, or all over

Churchward 1959

fan

Churchward 1959

preposition: at, on, in, than, etc.

Churchward 1959

3sg. and pl.

Churchward 1959

demonstrative pronoun: that, those

Churchward 1959

particle of emphasis or rhythm

Churchward 1959

blow with the mouth; blow or blow into or play (a whistle, or wind instrument)

Churchward 1959

kind of tree bearing edible nuts about 3 inches long: the Tahitian chestnut, Inocarpus edulis

Churchward 1959

blow with the mouth, blow into, blow up, inflate; to play a tune (on a bugle, etc.)

Churchward 1959

blow bubbles

Churchward 1959

tasty, lit. or fig. (interesting, etc.)

Churchward 1959

fish sp.

Churchward 1959

nose, (of an elephant) trunk

Churchward 1959

dual or plural of #siɁi (small, little; young, younger) when it means small, and sometimes when it means younger, etc.

Churchward 1959

fish, incl. also turtles (#fonu) and whales (#tofuaʔa), but not eels, cuttle-fish or jelly-fish

Churchward 1959

mallet with which the inner bark of the paper mulberry tree is beaten in making #tapa cloth

Churchward 1959

tail (esp. of a quadruped); to end, terminate, culminate; issue, result; finish up

Churchward 1959

show the teeth, grin or laugh (esp. in derision or ridicule)

Churchward 1959

poise oneself for attack, hold fists or spear, etc. as if about to attack

Churchward 1959

to drink; to take (liquid medicine); drinking; drinking water or other beverage

Churchward 1959

to drink (repetitive, continuative)

Churchward 1959

consume by evaporation or by absorption

Churchward 1959

cup

Churchward 1959

to hawk, clear the throat forcibly and noisily

Churchward 1959

kind of shellfish

Churchward 1959

shellfish

Churchward 1959

reeds; a single reed is called a #va’a kaho

Churchward 1959

to eat; (of fish) to bite (at the bait); (in games) to score, make a score

Churchward 1959

parrot

Churchward 1959

fibrous integument at the top of coconut palms

Churchward 1959

people (collectively); to be peopled, inhabited, occupied; to be attended by people, to be more or less full of people

Churchward 1959

flesh; lean (as opposed to #ngako, fat); muscle; contents or substance

Churchward 1959

flesh; lean (as opposed to fat); muscle

Churchward 1959

to swim, of men and ducks, etc., but not fish

Churchward 1959

native wooden pillow or headrest (carved, with two short legs)

Churchward 1959

native wooden pillow or headrest

Churchward 1959

mullet

Churchward 1959

flesh or substance: generally used instead of #ka-kano when –#‘i (of) is attached, as in #kano ‘i puaka, pig’s flesh, pork, and in compound expressions such as #kano lelei, having good flesh or (of a sermon, etc.) meaty

Churchward 1959

flesh or substance (generally used instead of kakano in genitive constructions and compounds)

Churchward 1959

to increase or add to (object something already heavy or painful or otherwise unpleasant); to aggravate

Churchward 1959

eyeball

Churchward 1959

side fin; to flap the wings

Churchward 1959

to drive a wedge into; loincloth with flowers, etc. stuck into it for ornamentation; wedge

Churchward 1959

form into a cup-like shape, esp. a banana leaf

Churchward 1959

main part of canoe as distinguished from the #hama (outrigger)

Churchward 1959

basket; suitcase; pouch; pocket

Churchward 1959

basket; suitcase; pouch; pocket

Churchward 1959

stalk, stem (of leaf, without or with the midrib, or of a flower or fruit); something resembling a stalk or stem, e.g. stem of a tobacco pipe

Churchward 1959

strong, especially physically strong; burly, sturdy or robust

Churchward 1959

kava: either the plant (Piper methysticum) or the beverage made from its crushed root

Churchward 1959

tentacle of cuttlefish or octopus

Churchward 1959

tentacle of cuttlefish or octopus

Churchward 1959

different (either in kind or merely in identity); special, abnormal, unusual

Churchward 1959

different from one another; various

Churchward 1959

to shriek, screech, scream

Churchward 1959

to dig; to dig up (but when speaking of yams , #keli is ‘to plant’)

Churchward 1959

to squeak

Churchward 1959

preposition: to, etc.

Churchward 1959

preposition: to, toward

Churchward 1959

timbers connecting the outrigger of a canoe with the canoe itself

Churchward 1959

kind of pandanus; very fine mat made from the smooth side of #kie leaves

Churchward 1959

to squeak, squeal --- of young pig, small child, ungreased cart-wheel, etc.; (of a dog) to yelp; to screech

Churchward 1959

to look with widely open eyes, to stare (a rather impolite word)

Churchward 1959

skin; peel, rind; bark

Churchward 1959

glance to one side, look out of the corner of the eyes

Churchward 1959

glance to one side, look out of the corner of the eyes

Churchward 1959

keep glancing at

Churchward 1959

meat or fish portion of a baked or roasted meal

Churchward 1959

to squeak (of chicks), chirp, twitter, warble

Churchward 1959

first person plural inclusive

Churchward 1959

(of distant objects) to appear, to be in sight or come into sight

Churchward 1959

to ‘dream’, suspect, have an idea (that it might be so)

Churchward 1959

(of fowls) to squawk

Churchward 1959

(of dogs) to bark

Churchward 1959

2sg., you (thee, thou)

Churchward 1959

garment; clothing; dress

Churchward 1959

to smoke, emit smoke, give off smoke or fumes

Churchward 1959

tree with reddish wood: Bischofia javanica; stain for tapa cloth made from the bark of the #koka tree

Churchward 1959

press or squeeze so as to make smaller or alter the shape of

Churchward 1959

to press or squeeze so as to make smaller or alter the shape of

Churchward 1959

to scratch (with a sharp point); to strike (a match)

Churchward 1959

village, town, fortress; temporary fence of native cloth round an open grave

Churchward 1959

(of biting) be tenacious, refusing to let go

Churchward 1959

(of biting) to be tenacious, refusing to let go

Churchward 1959

cut with scissors or shears or clippers, to clip or shear; to cut grass with a lawn-mower; (of rats) to gnaw through, to gnaw a hole in

Churchward 1959

kind of crab

Churchward 1959

to grasp, grip, clutch or hold on to

Churchward 1959

to grasp, grip, clutch or hold on to

Churchward 1959

to coo, of the #kulukulu

Churchward 1959

pink-fleshed mussel (shellfish)

Churchward 1959

pot, cauldron (borrowed from Fiji)

Churchward 1959

kind of small bluish-green dove

Churchward 1959

louse, lice

Churchward 1959

infested with lice, lousy

Churchward 1959

flea (jumping louse)

Churchward 1959

sail; canvas

Churchward 1959

(to be affected with) ringworm

Churchward 1959

flat (not curved or bulging)

Churchward 1959

throw (rope, fishing line, net, etc.), or disks; disk-throwing game

Churchward 1959

scrotum and testicles

Churchward 1959

go, walk, step

Churchward 1959

to go or walk (esp. for a short distance only); to step; to march; to move on or forward, to proceed, progress, develop, or advance

Churchward 1959

to go or walk (especially for a short distance only), to step; to march; to move on or forward; to proceed, progress, develop; to go beyond (literally or figuratively), to go or come past, to go or come over, to pass or cross over; to surpass, to exceed or be in excess of; to omit or skip over

Churchward 1959

to step incorrectly, to be out of step

Churchward 1959

to step incorrectly, to be out of step

Churchward 1959

place or space below or lower down; lower

Churchward 1959

be subject to, habitually give way to, defer to or be under the influence or control of (lit. ‘under the tree’?)

Churchward 1959

to wash or rinse in fresh water (of something that has been in salt water); to wash oneself with fresh water after a sea bath

Churchward 1959

sky, heaven; eyes, face, mouth, ears, or head (of king or queen)

Churchward 1959

splendor, glory, honor

Churchward 1959

to look as if it is going to be windy

Churchward 1959

fly (insect)

Churchward 1959

to feel at home or at ease, to be comfortable or happy and contented; to be friendly or at ease with

Churchward 1959

feel at home or at ease

Churchward 1959

leaf; sheet, layer, of paper, board, etc.; blade; flat, of bat, saw, etc.; hair of the head

Churchward 1959

board, plank

Churchward 1959

feeler, antenna, as of a lobster; long tail feather, as of a rooster or a tavake (tropic bird)

Churchward 1959

to run or sail or travel along (of boats, vehicles, bicycles, or of those in or on them); of fish, to swim or move through the water

Churchward 1959

voice, sound

Churchward 1959

nit, louse’s egg

Churchward 1959

little, but only in certain compounds

Churchward 1959

little (plural, but only in certain compounds)

Churchward 1959

be very angry, boil with rage, be furious; seethe with anger or discontent

Churchward 1959

to boil (of the sea). to be turbulent, violently rough; to be very angry, to boil with rage, to be furious

Churchward 1959

turn around; turn or change into something else

Churchward 1959

turn around; turn or change into something else

Churchward 1959

seaweed

Churchward 1959

moss or lichen

Churchward 1959

to pour or pour out, to shed (blood)

Churchward 1959

to pour at little at a time

Churchward 1959

pouring out mind(s) or heart(s)

Churchward 1959

absolutely calm

Churchward 1959

ant

Churchward 1959

be inundated

Churchward 1959

to push or dip under water, to duck

Churchward 1959

to press, press down or press in

Churchward 1959

inside, interior; mind, heart (seat of affections, etc.); desire, will, purpose; anger, ire, temper

Churchward 1959

inside, interior (as of a house); mind, heart (seat of affections, etc.); desire, will, purpose

Churchward 1959

to vomit

Churchward 1959

owl

Churchward 1959

to shake

Churchward 1959

hole in the ground, pit, trench, rut, or other depression; hole

Churchward 1959

feel shame, be ashamed

Churchward 1959

stative prefix (fossilized in #mahaki ‘sick person, patient; sickness, disease’ < PMP *ma-sakit ‘sick, painful’, etc.)

Churchward 1959

conjunction: and (only with numerals)

Churchward 1959

warm (of food, water, or drink); warm (to the touch)

Churchward 1959

warm (inwardly, subjectively)

Churchward 1959

be fairly warm

Churchward 1959

stale (of food, etc.), fermented, sour

Churchward 1959

(of liquid or its container) finished, all gone, dry, empty; (of a battery) completely run down, giving no current at all; (of a cow) dry

Churchward 1959

sick person, patient; sickness, disease, ailment; temperamental or characteristic fondness or liking, ‘weakness’, craze, addiction; sick, diseased, ailing; dead (polite for #mate)

Churchward 1959

to be sick or unwell (a milder or more polite word than #puke): of persons, animals, etc., and trees or plants; of a woman, to have her monthly sickness

Churchward 1959

sour to the taste, or astrigent

Churchward 1959

sour (to the taste), or astringent

Churchward 1959

(of land, soil) productive, producing good crops; (of place or people) to have plenty of food, to be well off for food; (of food) plentiful

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to or towards me or us, etc.; also expression of desire, etc.

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stone

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stone

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a sling; to sling stones, to use a sling (= ‘stone’ + ‘hit’)

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to bend, be bent, crouch up, withdraw

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misfortune, bad luck or suffering, esp. as resulting from, or coming as the Nemesis of, wrongdoing

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to shine, to give light, or send out light

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village green; park, playground, open market place, etc.

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shaded or sheltered

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to be shaded or sheltered (lit. or fig.); to be safe, secure, watertight or airtight

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shady, affording shade

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be shaded by something

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(of the wind, or of the sea or the day as affected by the wind) mild, pleasantly calm; (of pain) abated, gone

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to protect or defend; to make or keep safe or secure, to safeguard; to insure, to guarantee

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to chew: especially kava (in former times), or candlenuts preparatory to using them as soap, or food which, after being chewed, is to be fed to a baby; food which has been chewed in this way

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supernatural; superhuman; miraculous; attended or accompanied by supernatural or apparently supernatural happenings; to thunder

Churchward 1959

womb; heart; bowels (in Old English) as the seat of affections, of courage, etc.; stomach

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breathe; breathing, breath

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suffering from lack of sufficient nourishment; undernourished

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thin, --- of board or paper, etc., but not of stick or thread; thin, sparse, --- of mist, forest, etc.

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comparatively thin, especially thin, quite thin

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place or spot where it is thinnest; temples

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give off a pleasant odor

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fragrant with the odor of flowers, etc.

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animal, esp. bird, but applied also to quadrupeds, reptiles, insects, etc., but not to fish, shell-fish, etc.

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to fork, branch out, branch off, become divided into two or more branches (of a tree, a road, a stream, etc.); to step across or over; to walk with big steps, to stride; branch, fork, crotch, bifurcation

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to fork, branch out, branch off, become divided into two or more branches

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to spout or squirt upwards

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poor, needy, in want

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(of fruit), green, unripe, or raw; (of copra) undried); (of timber) unseasoned, or not thoroughly seasoned (hence a newly made canoe is sometimes said to be #kei mata 'still unseasoned')

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(of fruit) green, unripe or raw; (of timber) unseasoned, or not thoroughly seasoned (hence a newly made canoe is sometimes said to be #kei mata, still unseasoned)

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eye(s) or face; (of cloth, etc.) right side, outer side; (of leaf) front, top, smooth side; (as preposed noun) front (of house, etc.); point (of spear, needle, etc.); point or prong (of fork); blade or cutting edge; head (of boil, etc.); (of coconut) eye, or end where the eyes are; (of net) mesh; (of wound) mouth, opening. Special uses: (a) feelings, (b) best (of a number of valuable things); to see

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fire (single fire, not fire in general)

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house front, front of the house

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exact spot where a stick, or a limb, etc. is broken (‘eye of fracture’)

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coast on the front side of an island (the side where the main settlement is)

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joint, place where two edges or surfaces join together

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tribe, clan

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spot where one first inserts the spade when digging

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to be clear or fresh (in one’s memory)

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Pleiades

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to appear, to look, to seem

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edge of tooth or teeth; mark caused (actually or apparently) by the bite of a tooth, tooth-mark

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wind; air

Churchward 1959

(of a boat) to be caught or struck by a strong wind

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gate, door, or window (#pā = ‘fence, wall, enclosure’)

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spring (of water); source (of a river)

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nipple

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whitlow

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ploughshare

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taro tops (for planting)

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letter of the alphabet

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raindrop

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right-handed; right (not left)

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die; sometimes used in the sense of stunned or quite unconscious; (of fire or light) go out, be out; (of a boat) be sunk or wrecked; (of a volcano) be extinct; (of wind) die down, cease; (of sun or moon) be eclipsed; (of clock or engine, etc.) to stop, not to be going; paralyzed (as a limb); dead; death; be utterly sick and tired of; be overcome or carried away with (laughter, weeping, desire, sleepiness, fear, etc.)

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thick --- of board or paper, etc., but not of stick or thread; thick, dense --- of mist (#kakapu), forest (#vao), etc. Opp. #manifi; shrub with very thick leaves.

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(of persons) old; or mature, fully developed

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to cease flowing

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to be or become dry, of what was actually wet, not of what was merely green

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be afloat, not to be resting on or touching the bottom; kind of jelly-fish (#kolukalu) that stays at or near the top of the sea

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light red or light brown, reddish, brownish: esp. in names of plants, fish, etc.

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urinate, pass water

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to urinate, pass water

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suck up, suck in, absorb, or exert suction

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suck

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to sleep, be asleep; (of a boat) to anchor or remain for the night; (of the wind) to blow from a specified direction during the night

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to be abounding in sleeping fish (of a reef)

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grandchild

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grandchild

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a little bit, crumb, fragment

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fat; only of shellfish and crustaceans

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good luck, good fortune or privilege

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scab

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island; break, become separated

Churchward 1959

old or elderly person, or elder; male person of any age (even a baby) when one is speaking in a derogatory way; parent, especially father; husband (derogatory for #mali); (of things or animals) old; or mature, fully developed; being old; preposed adjective: original, former, first

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thumb (lit. ‘parent finger’)

Churchward 1959

to live, be living or alive; be in health; recover (esp. from a serious illness)

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place or space behind or further back; rear; background; end, extremity, tip; back, rear, hind; later; young, immature, only partly grown or developed (as yet)

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(of yam) lower end while still soft and juicy (as it is while the yam is still immature)

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(of yam) lower end while still soft and juicy (as it is while the yam is still immature)

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cut off, amputate, make shorter by cutting a piece off

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kind of fish

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front, space or place in front or further forward; earlier time or period, earlier, once upon a time; time to come, time that lies ahead

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that, those, esp. near you

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lagoon

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mosquito

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infested with mosquitoes

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fresh water

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this, these; now

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tooth

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five

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fifty

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kind of coconut; the fruit is very long and is mostly husk --- the best kind for making sennit (#kafa)

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to sit; to stay, live, dwell, reside (at or in or on)

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to sit; to stay, dwell, live, reside at or in or on

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to bend one’s body, stoop, crouch

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fruit fly

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to live together in one house or as one community; to live together as husband and wife

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tree with fruit that looks somewhat like custard apples: Morinda citrifolia. Its leaves and fruit are used medicinally.

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to tuck or pleat; to make a tuck or pleat in; a tuck or pleat

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(of a small child) to bawl, cry loudly

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length or section of tapa cloth

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to sink (e.g. into one’s flesh); so submerge, to disappear or pass completely under the surface (e.g. of a diver or a submarine); to disappear from sight

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wave (when rolling in), breaker or surf

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(of a small child) to bawl, cry loudly

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(of the sea) to show a track where a fish has just been swimming near the surface

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snake, serpent (there are no snakes in Tonga)

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gnaw, chew, as sugarcane, in order to appropriate the juice only

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(in composition) male

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whimper

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whimper

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grunt, make a grunting noise

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to grunt, make a grunting noise

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to hum

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mouth (but the mouth of a river is its #muivai); beak; orifice; mouthpiece; brim; opening or hollow (of a canoe); mouth (muzzle) or barrel of a gun; orally, by word of mouth

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double-tongued

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to go; sometimes #o mo = go with, be accompanied or combined with, in a figurative or spiritual sense

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fathom, six feet; (in gardening) the distance between two consecutive rows of yams, etc.

Churchward 1959

keep on bending by internal pressure

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to bend (in the form of a curve, not an angle)

Churchward 1959

dip up, ladle; to bale (a boat, or the water in it); catch little fish by dipping them up in large numbers

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sponge

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six

Churchward 1959

sixty

Churchward 1959

to sound, be heard or to be heard about; to appeal, carry weight, impress; to be felt or perceived or realized or appreciated; to hear, to have the sense of hearing; to be sentient, able to feel; sound; report, story; fame, reputation; hearing, sense of hearing; feeling, emotion; report or story that is ‘floating about’ but is unauthenticated, rumor

Churchward 1959

news, report or reputation

Churchward 1959

famous, renowned

Churchward 1959

to hear; to perceive, feel --- pain, pleasure, taste, smell, etc.; to be aware or conscious of, to realize, to appreciate; to feel for, sympathize with

Churchward 1959

touch; hit; knock against; collide with; slap (esp. on the head)

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fence, wall, enclosure

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break or break off, esp. with the hand; pick or pluck

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crust (of bread)

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crust (of bread); to have a crust

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side, edge

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kind of yam

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fish sp.

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sea-worm

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mix and knead in water with the hands

Churchward 1959

mix and knead in water with the hands

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to smear, besmear, daub or stain; to rub the head with oil

Churchward 1959

sawn timber, plank(s), board(s); flat hard sandstone forming a layer or bed at the coast in certain places; flat and smooth and hard (as a well-trodden track)

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bat, flying fox

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small bush whose leaves are cooked and eaten like spinach: Abelmoschus manihot

Churchward 1959

fold, bend, flex; reef a sail; to hem; to mark (e.g. a hymn) by folding the page; a fold, crease or hem

Churchward 1959

fold, bend or flex; to reef (a sail); to hem; to mark (e.g. a hymn) by folding the page

Churchward 1959

pulp or residue left after straining out juice or oil; what is left of sugarcane after being chewed; regal for #kafu (cover oneself; cf. #kafukafu ‘husk or skin (of seeds or kernels)’)

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butterfly

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throw, dash or splash water

Churchward 1959

splash up, fly up, as spray does; to squirt

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splash up, fly up, as spray

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hold on, cling, stick or adhere

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sticky

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bent, crooked: if one bend only; if two or more: piko-piko

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bent, crooked: if one bend only

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bent, crooked (two or more bends)

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kind of shellfish

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navel

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yellow bamboo

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fan palm: Eupritchardia pacifica

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faint, collapse, swoon, lose consciousness, have a blackout

Churchward 1959

be or become morning; by morning, early in the day; festival of a certain kind held after a wedding or a funeral and on various other occasions