causative prefix

Fey 1986

causative prefix

Ferrell 1982

causative prefix

Ferrell 1968

causative prefix (#mate ‘die’ : #paka-mate ‘commit suicide’, #taŋi ‘to cry, to moan’ : #paka-taŋi ‘to blow a conch shell or other type of whistle, horn, etc.’)

Feinberg 1977

prefix; added to verbs it usually makes causatives; added to nouns it makes adjectives or adverbs (#tamata ‘man’, #vaka-tamata ‘human; like a human being); added to adjectives it makes adverbs (#vinaka ‘good’, #vaka-vinaka ‘well’); added to nouns it may indicate possession (#vale ‘house’ #vaka-vale ‘having a house’); added to some intransitive verbs it makes intensives, frequentatives or continuatives

Capell 1968

a very active former of causative/simulative derivatives, including 1. causation and transitivization (#pono ‘correct’ #hoɁo-pono-pono ‘to correct’), 2. pretense (#kuli ‘deaf’ : #hoɁo-kuli ‘to feign deafness’), 3. simillarity (#kamaliɁi- ‘children’ : #hoɁo-kamaliɁi ‘childish’), 4. no meaning (#kāholoholo ‘to hurry’, #hoɁo-kāholoholo ‘to hurry’), 5. unpredictable (#maikaɁi ‘good’ : #hoɁo-maikaɁi ‘to congratulate’)

Pukui and Elbert 1971

causative prefix: cause to; cause to have; provide a; allow to; teach how to; install as (#made ‘to die’ : #haga-made ‘to kill’, #daŋi ‘to cry’ : #haga-daŋi ‘to make someone cry’

Lieber and Dikepa 1974

causative prefix which also makes transitive verbs from intransitive verbs, adjectives and nouns (#roŋo ‘to hear’ : #fā-roŋo ‘to tell’; #mamagu ‘fear’ : #fā-mamagu ‘loathsome’; #ŋū ‘to sing’ : #fā-ŋū ‘teach to sing’)

Fox, C. 1974

causative prefix, rarely found

Fox, C. 1974

causative prefix; combined with an intransitive verb, an adjective or participle to form an intransitive verb, it signifies a beginning of, or approach to, the action or condition indicated; combined with a noun to form an intransitive verb, it signifies the assumption of the character or form expressed by the noun; as a strict causative it may combine with a verb, adjective, participle, or noun to form a transitive verb

Williams 1971

a very common prefix, usually causative, but with other meanings

McEwen 1970

causative prefix, cause to be, become, have, know (#made ‘dead’ : #haga-made ‘do as hard or fast as possible’, #daŋi ‘to cry’ : #haga-daŋi ‘to play a musical instrument’)

Carroll and Soulik 1973

a causative prefix; to make to, to cause something to be done; by the addition of the prefix #aka- many nouns, adjectives and neuter verbs become active verbs

Savage 1980

causative prefix (meanings are usually causative or transitive, but sometimes similitude)

Elbert 1975

multifunctional prefix indicating, among other things, causation; faɁa-sāmoa ‘do things in the Samoan way’

Milner 1966

prefix denoting likeness, causation (causing or allowing to), supplying, having, etc. (#mate ‘die; dead’ : #faka-mate ‘causing death; deadly, poison, fatal’, #taŋi ‘to cry’ : #faka-taŋi ‘having a doleful sound, sounding like a lament; to appeal to someone after one’s request has been rejected by someone else’)

Churchward 1959

usually derives causative verbs (#mae ‘die; dead’ : #faɁa-mae-a ‘administer anaesthetic to, put to sleep with anaesthetic’)

causative prefix with a range of meanings: 1. cause an action to occur or a state to result (#ako ‘learn’ : #faka-ako ‘teach’, #moe ‘sleep’ : #faka-moe ‘put to sleep’), 2. to act a role (#maatua ‘mother’ : #fakamaatua ‘parent’s sister’, #paalaŋi ‘European’ #faka-paalaŋi ‘act like a European’), cause to be like (#fonu ‘turtle’ : #faka-fonu ‘heap up food in the shape of a turtle’), 4. before statives to form transitive verbs (#huki ‘pierce’ : #ma-huki ‘pierced’, #faka-ma-huki ‘pierce a nut for drinking’)

causative (perfective)

Blust n.d. (1971)

derivational verb-forming prefix; with durative active affixes, verbs with #paka- mean ‘pretend to be, act like so-and-so’, and with the direct passive affixes they mean ‘consider as so-and-so’, or ‘treat like so-and-so’

Wolff 1972

causative/multiplicative prefix with numeral bases

Topping, Ogo, and Dungca 1975

causative (perfective)

Maree and Tomas 2012

causative (completive)

nominalizing instrumental affix for potentive #maka- verbs (#maka-surat ‘able to write’ : #paka-surat ‘something with which one is able to write’)

Rubino 2000, Carro 1956

causative prefix

Southwell 1980

prefix for adjectives or stative verbs

Cense 1979

causative/multiplicative prefix with numeral bases

Richardson 1885

causative of object voice (McKaughan 1958:27)

McKaughan and Macaraya 1967

causative prefix with stative verbs

van den Berg 1996

‘exhaustive’ causative of stative verbs

causative affix in transitive or antipassive clauses

Behrens 2002

causative prefix to verbs (also forms verbal nouns and adjectives)

Morris 1984