wood, tree, stick, pole, beam

Kreemer 1931

living tree

Dupaningan

Reid 1971

tree (general term); wood, lumber

Zorc 1969

forest, jungle

Zorc 1969

wood-gatherer

Zorc 1969

to gather/collect wood

Zorc 1969

wood

Himmelmann 2001

containing wood; search for wood in the forest

Poerwadarminta 1976

woody tree; wood

Poerwadarminta 1976

firewood

Poerwadarminta 1976

wood, tree; bolt of cloth, roll of silk

Barber 1979

tree, living wood

Bergh 1953

tree, shrub, wood, plant

Adriani 1928

wild, of animals

Adriani 1928

determine or make certain

Adriani 1928

lay a corpse in a coffin

Adriani 1928

support, prop up

Adriani 1928

to fetch wood

Adriani 1928

to form a trunk or stem (of a tree); stand firm, be certain

Adriani 1928

base of a tree

Adriani 1928

wood

Freeman n.d.a.

wood

tree; wood, timber; log; wooden

Mintz and Britanico 1985

forest, woods; grove, thicket, clump of trees

Mintz and Britanico 1985

wooded

Mintz and Britanico 1985

to collect wood

Mintz and Britanico 1985

wood

Blust n.d. (1971)

tree

Blust n.d. (1971)

tree; wood, timber, pole; stem, stalk (of plants)

Post and Gardner 1992

to get, gather firewood

Post and Gardner 1992

wood; tree

Limbang

Blust n.d. (1971)

base of a tree; counting classifier for trees

Limbang

Blust n.d. (1971)

wood, tree, specifically pine tree, Pinus insularis Endl.

Reid 1976, Reid p.c.

to get a load of wood for fuel

Reid 1976, Reid p.c.

wood

Said 1977

all sorts of wood

Said 1977

tree, wood, stick

Headland and Headland 1974

tree; wood, firewood

Wolff 1972

kind of weed roughly resembling a full grown tree in structure, growing up to one and one half feet, the leaves of which are used as a poultice to stop bleeding

Wolff 1972

coarse, like wood

Wolff 1972

woods

Wolff 1972

cut down and gather firewood

Wolff 1972

for muscles to get stiff with fatigue

Wolff 1972

gather logs for a house

Wolff 1972

log with branches cut off; twigs; gather cut down wood for firewood

Wolff 1972

wood

stick, wood

Topping, Ogo, and Dungca 1975

tree

Topping, Ogo, and Dungca 1975

tree

search for wood to build a house

wood, tree

wood; tree

Conklin 1953, Reid p.c.

tree, wood, timber

Motus 1971

tree; in some contexts #kiyew is generic for all trees, but also #kiyew can be specific in contrast with #kadasan, non-pine trees; wood; firewood, wood for fuel

Ballard 2011

communal forest, place to get wood for fuel and lumber for house construction (all forest not owned by someone belongs to the community, and anyone can get wood and forest products there)

Ballard 2011

to get wood for fuel

Ballard 2011

tree; numeral classifier for trees; wood, timber; wooden; length of wood, stick

Richards 1981

tree; wood

a branching tree with a hard bark, or a piece of a tree, such as a stick, log, plank

Batad

Lambrecht 1978

to take someone along in gathering firewood, e.g. when men take along women to get firewood during the post-transplanting holiday season

Batad

Lambrecht 1978

tree

Lambrecht 1978

the plant becomes wood

Lambrecht 1978

to get firewood

Lambrecht 1978

gather firewood from a forest

Batad

Lambrecht 1978

place where firewood is taken

Lambrecht 1978

woods; forested area; jungle of trees

Rubino 2000, Carro 1956

tree; wood, timber; trunk, stem

Rubino 2000, Carro 1956

to cut into firewood

Rubino 2000, Carro 1956

to gather firewood

Rubino 2000, Carro 1956

one piece (of cloth)

Rubino 2000, Carro 1956

log; timber, lumber

Rubino 2000, Carro 1956

tree

Vanoverbergh 1972

tree, shrub; wood, timber

Vanoverbergh 1972

the cassava, manioc or tapioca plant, Manihot utilissima Rohl.

Vanoverbergh 1972

tree, wood

Tharp and Natividad 1976

to chop wood for firewood

Tharp and Natividad 1976

to gather firewood

Tharp and Natividad 1976

transferred piled big trees from the field

Yamada 1976

woods, forest

Yamada 1976

tree, wood, firewood; bunch or cluster of fruits (esp. of banana)

Yamada 1976

trees

Yamada 1976

to gather firewood

Yamada 1976

one bunch of bananas (generally 10 to 20)

Yamada 1976

wood; tree

Lafont 1968

wood, tree; firewood; dead body

Pigeaud 1938

wooded area

Pigeaud 1938

tree; wood

Antonissen 1958

forest area or jungle

Antonissen 1958

made or carved from one tree

Antonissen 1958

wood; timber; tree, shrub

Vanoverbergh 1933

tree, tree trunk

Neumann 1951

gather wood in the forest for house construction

Neumann 1951

wood

Neumann 1951

a piece of wood; all kinds of wood

Neumann 1951

bring wood for a house construction party

Neumann 1951

wood that has been prepared for house construction

Neumann 1951

wood; timber; a tree

Southwell 1980

tree

Long Atip

Southwell 1980

wood; tree

Uma Juman

Southwell 1980

firewood (always kept in place over fireplace)

Southwell 1980

base of a tree

Uma Juman

Southwell 1980

wood; tree

Blust n.d. (1971)

wood

Long Ikang

Galvin 1967

a tree; wood

Galvin 1967

wood; tree

Long Anap

Galvin 1967

base of a tree

Long Anap

Galvin 1967

wood; tree

Blust n.d. (1971)

tree, wood

Zorc 2019

wood

wood

wood

Blust n.d. (1971)

tree

Blust n.d. (1971)

tree

Hudson 1967

wood; classifier for counting animals, rolls of goods, pieces

Cense 1979

tree or shrub; wood of all kinds; (fig.) hard

Richardson 1885

stick, wood

timber, in various senses: 1. a tree and its parts, 2. trees and classes of timber, 3. timber appliances

Wilkinson 1959

various kinds of wood

Wilkinson 1959

carpenter

Wilkinson 1959

tree; wood

Svelmoe and Svelmoe 1990

tree; firewood; lumber

add some wood to the fire (imper.)

to use wood, coconut shells, etc. as fuel in cooking; to add wood to a fire

use the wood as fuel (imper.)

tree, wood, lumber, board

McKaughan and Macaraya 1967

timbered land, forest

McKaughan and Macaraya 1967

woody

McKaughan and Macaraya 1967

wood, timber, tree, log

woodlands, forest, grove, thicket

wooded, timbered

to collect wood

wood; tree

Blust n.d. (1971)

base of a tree

Blust n.d. (1971)

wood; tree

base of a tree

Kampung Teh

wood

wood; tree

Blust n.d. (1971)

wood

Larish 1999

tree

Larish 1999

wood, tree, classifier for

Dunnebier 1951

bush, forested area

Dunnebier 1951

wood

Mead 1999

wood

Mead 1999

wood

small tree

van den Berg 1996

wood, stick; classifier for teeth, finger and betel nuts; bolt of cloth

van den Berg 1996

wood; tree

Blust 1974

base of a tree

Blust 1974

wood; tree

Blust n.d. (1971)

wood; tree

Hardeland 1859

thicket, woods

Hardeland 1859

firewood

Hardeland 1859

to gather firewood

Hardeland 1859

to gather a little firewood

Hardeland 1859

one who likes to gather firewood

Hardeland 1859

wood; firewood

Sundermann 1905

a piece (of wood, of pork, cloth, etc.)

Sundermann 1905

trees

Zoetmulder 1982

wood, tree

Zoetmulder 1982

trees

Zoetmulder 1982

trees

Zoetmulder 1982

tree; wood; log; board

McManus and Josephs 1977

wood; tree; stick

Warren 1959, Reid p.c.

firewood

Warren 1959, Reid p.c.

tree, stick, timber

Benton 1971

wood

Quick and Quick 2005

wood

stick; wood

wood; tree

Blust n.d. (1971)

young forest

Steller and Aebersold 1959

tree; wood; stalk

Steller and Aebersold 1959

wood used in cooking (lit. ‘kitchen-wood’)

Steller and Aebersold 1959

get a stem (of plants)

Steller and Aebersold 1959

tree, wood

Goris 1938

fruit trees

Goris 1938

wood

wood

Kähler 1961

gather firewood

Kähler 1961

plank fish

Coolsma 1930

wood, wooden

Coolsma 1930

place the body of a dead child in a casket

van der Veen 1940

tree, wood, the hard, woody part of the main root of the cassava

van der Veen 1940

look for firewood

van der Veen 1940

become hard, of the woody part of the main root of the cassava

van der Veen 1940

building material of wood for a house or granary

van der Veen 1940

collect wood for something

van der Veen 1940

a bamboo stool

van der Veen 1940

wood; lumber

Panganiban 1966

woodland, woods

Panganiban 1966

to gather firewood

Panganiban 1966

wood, tree, lumber, timber

Hassan, Ashley and Ashley 1994

to use something as firewood

Hassan, Ashley and Ashley 1994

an area covered with trees, woody place

Hassan, Ashley and Ashley 1994

to gather firewood (esp. in the woods)

Hassan, Ashley and Ashley 1994

tree; wood

Awed, Underwood and van Wynen 2004

wood, firewood, a tree

Schlegel 1971, Reid p.c.

tree, wood

Warneck 1977

fell trees to build a house

Warneck 1977

all kinds of timber used for building

Warneck 1977

a piece, a sheet (of paper)

Warneck 1977

wood

tree

wood

place where a garden used to be but that is now covered with trees again

Schwarz 1908

tree, wood

Schwarz 1908

place where trees are raised

Schwarz 1908

become woody or hard

Schwarz 1908

become woody or hard

Schwarz 1908

grown over with trees, where formerly there were none

Schwarz 1908

something that loves to eat wood (as termites)

Schwarz 1908

wood

tree

wood; tree; woods

Esser 1964

to encase a corpse (in wood); counting classifier for fish, etc.

Esser 1964

to gather firewood

Esser 1964

wood

wood, timber, stick, plant, roll (of textile)

Anceaux 1987

tree (generic); wood (generic); lumber; firewood

Behrens 2002

wood, tree

Rau, Dong, et al. 2012, Tsuchida 1987

tree

Lebar 1972

wood; tree

Niggemeyer 1951-52

wood

Stresemann 1927, van der Miesen 1911

tree

Blust n.d.

base of a tree

Blust n.d.

tree

Wallace 1869 (1962)

wood

Sahidu 1978

wood

Devin 1989

tree

Devin 1989

tree

Fox, J. n.d.

tree

Fox, J. n.d.

tree; wood

Hughes n.d.

wood, piece of wood, pole, post, stick, tree

Josselin de Jong 1947

pieces of wood

Josselin de Jong 1947

wood, tree

wood; tree

Ekris 1864-65

wood

Onvlee 1984

wood; tree

Capell 1943

pole; tree

wood; tree

Jonker 1932

wood; tree

Verheijen 1982

tree

wood, in combination forms; tree

Jonker 1932

wood

van Dierendonck n.d.

wood, tree, trunk, staff

Verheijen 1967-70

wood

Collins 1983

wood, stick; tree; forest, bush; stiff like a piece of wood, as one’s back

Arndt 1961

tree

wood

Verheijen 1977a

tree, stalk, wood

Jonker 1908

tree

Jonker 1908

wood

wood; tree

Drabbe 1932a

wood; tree

Fortgens 1921

forest (‘in/among the trees’)

Morris 1984

wood

Stresemann 1927

stick, wood

Collins n.d.a.

tree

Capell 1944

stick, wood

Ngaibor

wood

Wallace 1962

wood

Collins n.d.a.

tree

Hooley 1971

wood, tree

tree, plant, wood, stick, club, plank, timber, log

Feinberg 1977

generic name for wood, tree

Geerts 1970

wood

a tree or plant having stem and branches; not used of a fern cycad, sago palm, coconut, etc.

Fox, C. 1970

tree

Tryon 1976

tree

Blust n.d.

tree

Tryon 1976

tree

Tryon 1976

stick

Tryon 1976

tree

Tryon and Hackman 1983

tree

Blust n.d. (1975)

tree; shaft of spear

Ivens 1940

tree

Tryon 1976

penis (men’s talk)

Jackson and Marck 1991

carrying pole

Goodenough and Sugita 1980

wood; tree

a tree, piece of wood, stick; wooden, very hard

Capell 1968

definitely a tree

Capell 1968

tree; woods; stick

wood; instrument

Sabatier 1971

tree; wood

Lincoln 1977

tree, plant, wood, timber, forest, stick, thicket, club; blow of a club; strength, rigidness, hardness; male erection; to have formed mature wood, as of a seedling; wooden, woody; stiff, as wood; medicine, medicinal; lump or knot in the flesh, as eased by the rubbing #kahi massage; to have a cramp

Pukui and Elbert 1971

tree

tree; stick, pole; log; bush

Lieber and Dikepa 1974

tree

tree, branch, stick, woody plant (shrub, bush)

Keesing 1975

a male tree; hence, sterile, unmarried, childless

Keesing 1975

tall and thin

Keesing 1975

tree

firewood, bundle of firewood

Fox, C. 1974

wood; a mast

Fox, C. 1974

mast

tree

tree

tree

tree

tree

Blust n.d. (1975)

mast

Blust n.d. (1975)

tree; stick, wood

tree

Blust n.d. (1975)

tree

tree

tree; to be strong, to be stubborn

Böhm 1975

firm, to be strong or stubborn

Böhm 1975

tree; wood, timber; stick, spar, mast; weapon; wooden

Williams 1971

long swell

Williams 1971

trunk of a tree; torso of a person; tree

Abo, Bender, Capelle and deBrum 1976

tree; stick

tree

Jones 1998

tree

Wheeler 1926

tree; firewood

Lister-Turner and Clark 1930

tree

tree

Blust n.d. (1975)

mast

Blust n.d. (1975)

a branching plant, shrub or tree, i.e. balsam, croton, and banyan are all #gai, but not a palm or coconut; wood, timber; firewood; stem or handle of an axe, pipe, etc. (not basket); prefix to names of plants or trees

Fox, C. 1955

tree, wood, timber; rod, staff, weapon

McEwen 1970

tree

wood; stick (of wood)

Carroll and Soulik 1973

tree; wood; stick (of wood)

tree

stick

Blackwood 1935

tree

tree, wood

Capell 1943

stick; tree

tree

tree

general name for trees or shrubs or plants; general name for wood of any kind; a pole, a rod, a stick; a weapon

Savage 1980

a poisonous tree, a bitter herb; also used to denote a gun

Savage 1980

general name for any kind of log, stick, or plant (tree, bush, shrub); canoe log; shark tail; fighting club

Elbert 1975

sacred staff of a priest, scepter

Elbert 1975

tree, plant; wood, timber, piece of wood; box, chest, safe, thing made (or usually made) of wood)

Churchward 1940

tree, wood , more commonly used in Ulawa; to be stiff, numb

Ivens 1929

plant, tree; wood; apparatus, set, machine; instrument

Milner 1966

stick; wood

tree

tree

tree

Blust n.d. (1975)

wood, timber

Bell 1977

tree

tree

Beaumont 1979

wood; made of wood, wooden

Churchward 1959

stalk, stem (of leaf, without or with the midrib, or of a flower or fruit); something resembling a stalk or stem, e.g. stem of a tobacco pipe

Churchward 1959

tree, plant

Churchward 1959

tree (does not include palm trees, cycads, tree-ferns, bamboos, banana trees); wood; firewood; timber; stick, pole, post, beam; mast of a ship, and some other relatively long and thin objects made out of wood

wood

tree, stick; plant; penis

fire plough; bed of fire plough

tree

tree

Tryon and Hackman 1983

tree

wood; generic for trees and shrubs, and occasionally low bushy plants; used in certain compounds as a generic for all plants; piece of wood, stick; (vulgar, colloq.) penis; in restricted phrases, be hard, strong, tough; wooden, made of wood

Pawley and Sayaba 2003

bush, forest, woods

Pawley and Sayaba 2003

tree

Blust n.d. (1975)

penis, male genital

Sohn and Tawerilmang 1976

wood, tree

Anceaux 1961

tree, wood

Anceaux 1961

stick, wood

Grace n.d.

tree; wood

Maan 1940

tree, wood

Anceaux 1961

tree

Walker 1990

tree, wood

stick, wood

wood; tree

van Hasselt and van Hasselt 1947

tree, wood

van Hasselt and van Hasselt 1947

tree, wood

tree, wood

tree, wood

wood; tree (in combination forms)

Held 1942, Anceaux 1961

wood, tree

forest

Ferrell 1982

woodlands (as opposed to grasslands; emphasis on land use)

Ferrell 1982

to use wood; put boards on

Ferrell 1982

forest

Ferrell 1968

forest, a lot of wood

Cauquelin 1991