common suffix denoting a place or a referent. Used with (1) verbs: #ginbáke-an sánda it dúlsi 'candy was bought for them', (2) nouns: #simbáh-an 'church' (from #símba(h) 'worship'), #tindáh-an 'market' (from #tínda(h) 'goods for sale'), (3) adjectives: #baʔbá-an 'talkative' (from #báʔbaʔ 'mouth')

Zorc 1969

the suffix #-an is used to form nouns from various types of base ... It is also used to form a small number of adjectives and adverbs ... When added to a root which can function as a noun, the suffix #-an 1. occasionally produces a noun which hardly varies in meaning from the base noun (e.g. #ruaŋ 'room' : #ruaŋ-an 'room'); 2. more usually it produces a noun whose referent has some real or fancied resemblance to the referent of the base noun (e.g. #achir 'end' : #achir-an 'suffix', #anak 'child' : #anak-an 'interest (on an investment)', #rambut 'hair' : #rambut-an 'a fruit, the hairy cherry'; 3. when added to a noun root (usually reduplicated) the suffix #-an forms a noun which refers to a collection of the referents of the simple noun, or of related referents (e.g. #bintaŋ 'star' : #bintaŋ-an 'constellation', #pohon 'tree' : #pohon-pohon-an 'trees, the vegetable kingdom'; 4. when added to a numerative (usually only #satu, or those which can be preceded by #satu in the form #se-), the suffix #-an forms a noun referring to a group consisting of that number (e.g. #satu 'one' : #satu-an 'a unit', #-puluh 'ten' : #puluh-an 'decade, a group of ten'; 5. when added to a verb (all other prefixes and suffixes being lost), the suffix #-an forms a noun which refers to what is involved in the performance of the action referred to by the verb, whether as the product or the instrument (e.g. #makan 'eat' : #makan-an 'food', #me-lukis 'to draws, paint' : #lukis-an 'a drawing, painting', #meŋ-ayun 'to rock, sway' : #ayun-an 'cradle'. Such nouns in #-an contrast with nouns in #ke- -an, #per- -an and #peŋ- -an in that they refer to more concrete or definite things, while the three latter groups refer to more abstract processes. Nonetheless, there is sometimes a congruence in meaning between the noun in #-an and the other nouns, especially those in #per- -an and #peŋ- -an... 6. Such nouns, derived from verbs by the addition of #-an, refer to a collection of items, when the root is reduplicated (e.g. #meŋ-gali 'to dig' : #gali-an 'what is dug up' : #gali-gali-an 'minerals, root crops', #tembak 'to shoot' : #tembak-an 'shot' : #tembak-tembak-an 'shooting'; 7. Just as the suffix #-an, added to a reduplicated noun root, produces a noun referring to a collection of items, the same suffix, added to a few adjective roots, usually reduplicated, produces a noun referring to a collection of items which can be characterized by that adjective (e.g. #enak 'delicious' : #enak-enak-an 'delicacies', #manis 'sweet' : #manis-an 'candy, sweets'; 8. Otherwise, adjectives and the occasional verb root, when reduplicated and followed by #-an, produce adjectives, or adverbs of manner (e.g. #teraŋ 'bright' : #teraŋ-teraŋ-an 'frank', #takut 'afraid' : #takut-takut-an 'bashful', #buta 'blind' : #buta-buta-an 'at random, blindly') (Macdonald and Soenjono 1967:65ff).

Poerwadarminta 1976

suffix forming adjectives. The suffix #-an is actually local, and in the second instance temporal, and it thus gives the place and time at which or in which the meaning of the stem word is realized... Examples of adjectives with the suffix #-an are: #buluŋ-an 'loud, of sound' (from #buluŋ 'throat', #boo-an 'evil-smelling' (from #boo 'stench'), #buku-an 'strong' (from #buku 'bone'), #mon-doso-an 'be taboo' (from #doso 'a taboo')...The collective function of #-an which is found in some other languages is seen in #osoa-an 'to marry' (from #soa 'spouse') ... In other cases the meaning of the stem word is not available in #Banggai, and hence the precise meaning of the suffix #-an cannot be determined

Bergh 1953

1. verbal affix, locative series, infinitive-command form: #dumán 'there, yonder' : #duman-án 'come or go to', 2. verbal affix, reflexive action series, infinitive-command form: #hugák 'lazy' : #hugak-án 'to feel lazy', 3. verbal affix, regular series, infinitive-command form: #imbitár 'invite' : #imbitar-án 'to invite', 4. alternant command suffix for verbs taking #i- in the infinitive: #i-abót mo an asín or #abot-án an asín 'pass the salt', 5. nominal affix, locative: #eskuéla 'student' : #eskuelah-án 'school'

Mintz and Britanico 1985

a voice-marking suffix, non-completive aspect, which subjectivalizes the locative case relation; a gerundivizing suffix occurring in combination with voice marking affixes... In appropriate contexts it also functions as a temporal or locative suffix

Reid 1976, Reid p.c.

local passive verb affix, future; noun forming affix. 1. forming nouns which refer to a place where something is found, done, held, located..., 2. forming nouns which refer to a person possessed of a certain power..., adjective forming suffix 1. forming adjectives which mean 'characterized by being 〈so-and-so〉..., 2. added to nouns to form adjectives which mean 'having 〈so-and-so〉

Wolff 1972

attributive suffix. It is difficult to find an appropriate name for this suffix. It is usually added to nouns. The affixed form then describes something that has attributes or features of the stem... The stem usually, but not always, takes the infix #-in- (e.g. #bosbos 'skin rash' : #b-in-esbus-an 'condition of having a skin rash', #chugoʔ 'sap, juice' : #chiguʔ-an 'salty fish sauce', #palaoʔan 'woman' : #p-in-alaoʔan-an 'effeminate male' or 'having attributes of woman', #pao 'odor' : #pagu-an 'smelly')

Topping, Ogo, and Dungca 1975

infinitive benefactive-locative focus affix; noun formative affix designating a container or a place where an action occurs

Motus 1971

suffix of general use. First, it conveys a locative meaning; it is used to form names of places, or common nouns indicating certain places... Second, #-an (like #-on) is a suffix which actually verbalizes a given word-base by making it pertain to the so-called passive voice..... The difference between the suffix #-on and the suffix #-an can be (in some way) clarified as follows: the suffix #-on puts in evidence that the meaning of the word-base can be applied and, in fact, is applied to the direct object, while the suffix #-an puts in evidence that the meaning of the word-base is only indirectly applicable to the grammatical object

Lambrecht 1978

a suffix of general use, mostly locative

Rubino 2000, Carro 1956

marker of nouns of location (e.g. #irup 'what is drunk; way or manner of drinking' : #m-irup 'to drink' : #rup-an 'watering hole for animals in the jungle', #dalan 'path, road' : #nalan 'to walk' : #delan-an 'path made by repeated walking over the same course

Blust n.d. (1971)

a noun + #-an, most often a reduplicated noun, specifies a large variety of the thing signified by the single-morpheme noun' (e.g. #bataŋ 'tree' : #bataŋ-bataŋ-an 'all kinds of trees'; verbal roots combine with #-an to form nouns signifying the result of the action of the verb: #cinciŋ 'carry (something light)' : #cinciŋ-an 'that which is carried', #aji 'to chant' : #aji-an 'the chant', #xatoŋ 'to come' : #xatoŋ-an 'guests, the people coming'; partial reduplication + #-an functions as a circumfix, combining with some intransitive verb roots meaning to cook, expressing a variety of ingredients used in the cooking process: #gulay 'to make soup' : #ga-gulay-an 'vegetables', #pajaʔ 'to boil something' : #pa-pajaʔ-an 'greens for boiling'; this combination also occurs with a few adjective and intransitive verb roots to give the abstraction of the root meaning: #taway 'to teach' : #ta-taway-an 'teaching, instruction', #demon 'like' : #da-demon-an 'a liking'

Walker 1975,1976

1. suffix used to form passive nouns: that on which, in which, with which something is done (e.g. #doŋkoʔ 'back (anat.)' : #doŋkok-aŋ 'carriage', #at-taʔgalaʔ 'to hold, keep ahold of' : #taʔgall-aŋ 'handle', #enteŋ 'stand, stand up' : #enteŋ-aŋ 'place where one stands, position'); 2. suffix used to form deverbal adjectives or nouns with a passive sense, and carrying an implication of possibility or desirability; 3. suffix used to form adjectives with the meaning 'afflicted with, suffering from' (e.g. #kaluara 'ant' : #kaluar-àŋ 'covered with ants', #bulalaʔ 'white spot on the cornea' : #bulalakk-aŋ 'have a white spot on the cornea'; 4. substitute for the more commonly used #-aŋŋaŋ, which expresses the comparative; here also belong indications of place and time in comparison with other place and time indicators; 5. suffix in connection with #siapa and #piraŋ- 'how much', with the meaning 'how much not'; 6. verbal suffix with the meaning 'do something for the benefit of, do something with something, do something because of something, do something at a certain point in time'

Cense 1979

passives in #-ana are often similar in meaning to those in #-ina, and are used simply as passives of verbs active transitive in #mi- and #man-. Often, however, passives in #-ina and #-ana are made from the same root, and used in different senses, thus: from #tàmpoka ('suddenly, unexpectedly') are formed #tampóh-ina 'being surprised', and #tampóh-ana 'having cold water added'; the passive in #a- is of very frequent occurrence. Its primary meaning is said to be that an object is placed in such and such a position...The most difficult use, however, to a learner is when it is made a correlative of the passive in #-ana...Many verb that govern two accusatives, one of an object to which something is done, and the other of the instrument, means, etc., with which the action is effected, make the former the nominative case of a passive in #-ana, and the latter of a passive in #a-... Thus in the sentence #manóso tsólika ázy àho 'I anoint it with oil', the body anointed would be made nominative case of the passive #hosór-ana ..., and the oil of the verb #a-hòsotra

Richardson 1885

a third grammatical relation between the verb and the #so-phrase is indicated by the suffix #-an: #Tabas(an) o bebai so mamaʔ (cut #o-woman #so-man) 'The man is the one for whom the woman will cut it' or 'The woman will cut it for the man'. Here the action is performed on behalf of the one designated by the particle #so. The #so-phrase stands in an indirect relation to the verb. It may indirectly receive the action, be the location of the action, or be the associate or beneficiary of the action. The suffix #-an thus marks referential voice

McKaughan and Macaraya 1967

suffix with locative sense, where what the base-word says happens, is, or comes; afflicted with

Dunnebier 1951

suffix used to form: 1. abstract nouns, 2. nouns which express a nominal perfect participle, 3. nouns of location; verbal suffix used to express various relationships between the action and the object; added to qualitative and intransitive constructions it has a causative function

Kähler 1961

the #-an suffix usually functions as the affix that focuses attention on the person or object or place toward which the action is directed or where the action is being carried out. Usually the actor focus counterpart of the #-an suffix is #-um-: #b-um-ilí kamí sa kaniyá 'we bought from her (actor focus construction)', #b-in-ilh-án namín siyá 'we bought from her (locative focus construction) (Ramos 1981:63)

Panganiban 1966

(in the second passive) the prefix #tar- or #ha- is placed before the nominal form. The prefix #ha is always used when the active has the suffix #-i: in the passive, this suffix is replaced by #-an... The passive verbal substantives with the suffix #-an do not always have a corresponding verb with the suffix #-i. Their meaning can also be derived from another verbal form. For example, I have never come across a #ma-maŋani-, which would mean 'to eat out of (something), as an active corresponding to #paŋan-an: 1. 'that which can be eaten out of' (e.g. a large leaf); 2. 'from which one usually eats (a plate or a dish); 3. 'that which has been eaten into (by a disease)' (referring to marks left on the limbs by, for example, an eruptive skin disease... Such derived substantives represent a place where that which the verb represents usually takes place, or must take place... The suffix #-an, just as the suffix #-i, can, moreover, not only refer to a plural, but also to the repeated occurrence of the thing represented by the verb, or to its occurring on and off, for example, #dalan-an can also mean where it is customary for someone to walk... The suffix #-an seldom denotes a direct object, but an example is #suru-an 'messenger who is sent', from #ma-nuru. #Suru-suru-an (repetition of the stem-word) is, however, far more often found...where such a word has not been taken from #Minangkabau or #Malay #-an, representing #-i, also means a plural, or repetition, or frequency ... (The second kind of nominal verb) has the suffix #-an. a. When verbs of this kind are derived from substantives, the suffix indicates place and the subject is, therefore, represented by this verb as being a place where what the stem-word means can be seen (e.g. #panas-an 'to sweat' = the place where the sweat (#panas) is; #roŋit-an 'to be bothered by flies' = something where flies (#roŋit) are to be found), b. when this kind of nominal verb is derived from a verb, the subject is other than the stem-word, i.e. a person who is affected by what the stem-word represents (e.g. #ŋolŋol-an 'be bored' : #ŋolŋol 'boring', c. the suffix further strengthens what is represented by the stem-word and the derived form then means 'taking place continually', or 'occurring extensively' (e.g. #borat-an 'be very laden' : #borat 'heavy'; d. these verbs also mean 'an acquiring of', or 'a losing of', as a state (e.g. #mate-an 'having deaths, of someone whose soldiers have been slain'; e. when they are derived from a qualificative verb, these verbs have the accent on the suffix and indicate that the quality exists to a greater degree (e.g. #gabe-án 'to be richer' : #gabé 'rich', #datu-án 'to be a more skillful #datu' ... Words ending in a vowel can insert an #n before the suffix (e.g. #dae-n-an, from #dae) (van der Tuuk 1971:161, 196ff)

Warneck 1977

the basic sense of the suffix #-a is locative, although this basic sense is applied and extended in a variety of directions, so that there is often little or nothing of a local function left to perceive. As for the relationship of #-a to the similarly local suffix #-i, it can be said in general that #-i is found in verbal, #-a in nominal forms. There are, however, also many exceptions to this rule ... a. when added to a noun derived from a verb or adjective #-a denotes the place or time in which the action takes place or the condition in question prevails; this suffix also occurs with forms that are prefixed with #ka- and a possessive pronoun; b. #-a is added to (underived) nouns in the sense 'having, supplied with, suffering from. These forms are adjectives, and have no prefix

Esser 1964

suffix forming first passive indicative from the reduced stem, and suffix forming first passive perfect from the reduced stem in connection with the infix #-in-. Forms an imperative with the reduced or extra reduced stem. Forms nouns indicating place or time. Common suffix in place names, and less common suffix in personal names (e.g. #qalup 'to hunt' : #qlup-an 'hunting ground')

Egerod 1980

specific location in time or space; specific one/type: #kan-an 'eating place' (#kan 'eat')

Ferrell 1982

suffix of location (e.g. #huhuve 'bathe' : #huhuve-ana 'bathing place, bath')

Waterhouse 1949