verbal infix used on command or conditioned forms

Zorc 1969

subject focus, future tense

Sarangani

Reid 1971

"Almost any noun can be converted to a verb-like word -- a word that can function as a predicate -- by adding the verbalizing infix #-um-." Contrasts with #man-, used with plural subjects. (Topping, Ogo, and Dungca 1975:226).

Topping, Ogo, and Dungca 1975

verb prefix

active verb infix, generally intransitive, and often with a future meaning (e.g. #l-um-aŋúy 'to swim; will swim', #t-um-índas 'to kick; will kick')

Conklin 1953, Reid p.c.

verbal affix designating completed action

Motus 1971

verbal infix used with intransitive bases, and to mark inchoatives or futures

Lambrecht 1978

active 'casual' verbal infix

Rubino 2000, Carro 1956

verbal infix used with intransitive bases and to form inchoatives

Antonissen 1958

active verb infix used with intransitive bases (e.g. S #nurun O = 'S lowers O', S #t-em-urun O = 'S descends O')

Blust n.d. (1971)

unproductive infix found in verbs that designate a certain state or movement

Cense 1979

rare infix used with intransitive bases, and to form adjectives (Richardson 1885:xviiff)

Richardson 1885

rare fossilized infix in a few reduplicated forms that refer to natural actions: #gilaŋ g-em-ilaŋ 'scintillating', #guroh g-em-uroh 'to thunder', etc.

Wilkinson 1959

verbal infix used primarily in intransitive bases, including those that refer to natural conditions (e.g. #kilat 'lightning', #k-um-ilat 'flashing'; #guruh 'thunder', #g-um-uruh 'thundering, roaring')

Zoetmulder 1982

infix used with intransitive and semitransitive verbs, and to mark inchoatives

Botolan

Madulid 2000

verbal infix "used to express simple, single or general acts. (a) simple or single performance: #bumása, to read; #sumúlat, to write. (b) general acts, like the functions of nature and the natural acts of the human body: #umulán, to rain; #bumagyó, to storm; #umáraw, (the sun) to shine; or #tumiŋín, to look; #sumakít, to become painful; #tumakbó, to run; #lumákad, to walk, to go." (Panganiban 1966). "verbs like #bumagyó, formed with bases that designate natural conditions (cf. #bagyó 'storm'), occur in topicless sentences ... Many of the bases that occur in intransitive #-um- verbs also occur as the bases of #ma- adjectives and the verbs, which may be called #-um- VERBS OF 'BECOMING,' denote the acquisition of the quality expressed by the adjective." (Schachter and Otanes 1972:310).

Panganiban 1966

verbal infix which "when it occurs intransitively, is both active and passive in meaning. When it is active it represents, often in contrast to the verb ... (with #pa-), an action that does not result from the will of the thing carrying it out." The passive meaning occurs in constructions relating to: 1. the performing or satisfying of a natural need (eating, drinking, sleeping, urinating), 2. a movement that makes a marked impression on any of the sense organs, 3. a higher degree of some quality (#g-um-abe 'be richer', #um-balga 'be larger', etc.). Transitive verbs with the infix #-um- "are simply variants of those with the prefix #maŋ-, and they are used more in the elaborate #poda language, in stories, laws, and aphorisms in verse form (#uppama), than in daily life." (van der Tuuk 1971:117ff).

Warneck 1977

infix forming an active indicative corresponding to active negatable indicative without affixes

Egerod 1980

marker of actor focus

Tsuchida 1976

marker of actor focus

Ferrell 1982

marker of actor focus

Tamalakaw

Cauquelin 1991

marker of actor focus

Tsuchida 1976

marker of actor focus

Li 1978

prefix or infix in verbs of state or action

Truku

Pecoraro 1977

marker of actor focus

Blust 2003